Lipid :
types of lipids:
-triglycerides
-fatty acids
-steroids
-phospholipids
roles:
-insulation,f ood, digestion, vitamin, hormone
Triglycerides: 3 fatty acids + glycerol
saturated fat: packed, no space for reaction in fat fat cell
unsatured fat: room for reaction due to double bonds, less stable
steroids: 4 carbon rings
protein:
roles:
-bluk composition of body
-oxidative metabolism
-enzymes
-plasma proteins
-hormones
Structure of protein:
-sequences of amino acids hooked together by amino group of one to carboxyl group of another
-peptide linkage
-amino acid found in protein are known as residues
4 types of protein structures:
Primary : sequence of AA's forming protein ( one strand)
Secondary : alpha helix design or beta pleated sheet
Tertiary : bending of one amino acid chain due to attraction of individual amino acid's distant from each other ( possible linkage such as : hydrogen bond, disulfide bridge, ionic bond)
Quaternary: packing of chains together
Amino acids:
-number and proportion of amino acids vary from protein to protein
-amino acids would remain in denatured proteins
Essential AA: those animals cannot synthesize ( one that animal receive from diet)
Nonessential: synthesize by animal
DNA :
monomers: nucleotides ( phosphate , sugar , nitrogenous base
Deoxyribose: main sugars in genetics
phosphate form bonds with group 3 of 2-deoxyribose
4 nitrogenous base :
adenine
cytosine
genine
thymine
purines(A ,G)
pyrimidine (CT)
3 bonds:
glycosyl
phosphodiester
hydrogen bond
phosphodiester bond between O from phosphate group with carbon 5 of deoxyribose
glycosyl bond between nitrogenous base with OH on carbon 1
hydrogen bond between nitrogenous bases
Carbohydrates:
basic composition: CH2O
Monosaccharides:
-simple sugars with OH groups
-triose, tetrose, pentose or hexose
aldoses:
-aldehyde group at one end
ketose:
- keto group usually at C2
Pentoses and hexoses can cyclize as ketone or aldehyde reacts with a distal OH.
D-glucose (linear) ---> Alpha-D glucose or Beta- D Glucose ( differ by the position of OH on C1 above or below ring)
-the 2 stereoisomers are anomers (alpha and beta)
-OH at the anomeric C1
- alpha : OH below ring
-beta: OH above ring
D-fructose( linear) ---> Alpha- D- fructose
-by reaction of C2 keto group with OH on C5
Glycosidic bonds: R- OH + HO- R prime ---> R-O-R prime +H2O
anomeric hydroxyl and hydroxyl of another sugar or other compound --> splitting out water to form glycosidic bond (result of condensation)
ex: glucose +glucose--> maltose +water
hydrolysis:
ex: sucrose +water --> glucose+fructose
Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides covalently linked
Polysaccharides: polymers consisting chains of monosaccharide or disaccharide
Amylose: glucose polymer with alpha(1->4) linkages
amylopectin: glucose polymer with mainly alpha( 1->4) linkages and also alpha (1-> 6) linkages
Oligosaccharides: few monosaccharides covalently linked
-covalently attached to proteins or membrane lipids ( linear or branched chains)
